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one who demands

  • 1 penuntut

    claimant
    * * *
    prosecutor
    * * *
    one who demands something, petitioner; claimant, prosecutor; one who stirves after

    Indonesia-Inggris kamus > penuntut

  • 2 stipulator

    stĭpŭlātor, ōris, m. [stipulor], jurid. t. t., one who demands a formal promise or covenant (opp. promissor, the one who gives the promise); a bargainer, stipulator, Dig. 2, 10, 3; 45, 1, 41 sq.; 45, 38, 5; Suet. Vit. 14; Isid. Orig. 10, 5.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > stipulator

  • 3 depostulator

    one who demands; (person for punishment/torture)

    Latin-English dictionary > depostulator

  • 4 depostulator

    dēpostŭlātor, ōris, m. [depostulo], one who demands a person, sc. for punishment, torture, etc.:

    Christianorum,

    Tert. Apol. 35; cf. ib. 50 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > depostulator

  • 5 demand

    1. [dıʹmɑ:nd] n
    1. 1) требование, настойчивая просьба

    to meet /to satisfy, to grant, to supply/ smb.'s demands - удовлетворять чьи-л. требования

    2) pl запросы

    moderate in one's demands - скромный в своих запросах, со скромными запросами

    to make great demands on smb.'s good nature - чересчур многого хотеть от кого-л.

    3) информ., вчт. запрос

    computation [service] demand - запрос на вычисление [на обслуживание]

    demand service - (информационное) обслуживание в режиме «запрос - ответ»

    4) предъявление требования

    payable on demand - ком. оплачиваемый /подлежащий оплате/ немедленно по предъявлении

    2. 1) потребность, нужда
    2) эк. спрос

    demand and supply, supply and demand - спрос и предложение

    great /strong/ demand - большой спрос

    effective demand - платёжеспособный /реальный/ спрос

    deferred demand - отложенный /накопившийся/ спрос

    to be in (great) demand - пользоваться (большим) спросом; быть ходким ( о товаре)

    typists are in great demand - повсюду требуются машинистки, на машинисток большой спрос

    supply made not even the barest pretence of satisfying demand - предложение даже в малой мере не удовлетворяло спрос

    3. юр. заявка, иск, претензия; законное притязание

    to hold a demand against smb. - предъявить кому-л. претензию

    4. эл. максимум нагрузки; потребляемая мощность

    ♢ to have many demands on one's purse - а) иметь много расходов; б) иметь много нахлебников

    to have many demands on one's time - иметь много дел /обязанностей/; быть вечно занятым

    2. [dıʹmɑ:nd] v
    1. 1) требовать, предъявлять требование; настоятельно просить, предлагать

    to demand an apology [payment, an immediate answer] - требовать извинений [уплаты долга, немедленного ответа]

    to demand satisfaction - а) требовать извинений; б) вызывать на дуэль, требовать сатисфакции

    to demand smth. of /from/ smb. - требовать чего-л. от кого-л.

    to demand rent from jobless tenants - требовать арендную плату с безработных квартирантов

    to demand that smth. should be done - предложить сделать что-л.

    I demand to see everything - я требую, чтобы мне показали всё

    2) информ. запрашивать; делать запрос
    2. нуждаться, требовать

    the case demands skill and energy - для этого дела нужны сноровка и энергия

    3. настойчиво требовать ответа; спрашивать; задавать вопрос ( часто после прямой речи)

    to demand smb.'s name - спросить, как зовут кого л-

    he demanded what their business was - он спросил их, что им нужно

    ❝Who are you?❞ she demanded - «Кто вы такой?» - спросила она
    4. юр. вызывать в суд
    5. юр. предъявлять официальную претензию на недвижимое имущество ( в качестве её законного собственника)

    НБАРС > demand

  • 6 presentar

    v.
    1 to present.
    Ella presenta soluciones She presents solutions.
    Ella le presenta a Ricardo un regalo She presents Richard a gift.
    Ellos presentan a los candidatos They present=field the candidates.
    2 to make (ofrecer) (disculpas, excusas).
    3 to introduce (person).
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager
    Ella presenta a los invitados She introduces the guests.
    4 to have, to show (tener) (aspecto).
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve
    Ella le presenta al público una obra She shows the public a play.
    5 to host, to be the host of, to act as a compere for, to compere.
    Ella presenta el programa She hosts the program.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to present; (mostrar) to show
    2 (entregar) to hand in
    3 (sacar al mercado) to launch
    4 (personas) to introduce
    ■ ¿te han presentado ya? have you been introduced yet?
    5 TELEVISIÓN to present
    6 (ofrecer) to offer, show
    1 (comparecer) to turn up
    2 (para elección) to stand; (en un concurso) to enter
    \
    presentar una denuncia to lodge a complaint
    presentar una ponencia to present a paper
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=enseñar, exponer) [gen] to present; [+ moción, candidato] to propose, put forward; [+ pruebas, informe] to submit; [+ documento, pasaporte] to show

    presentar una propuesta — to make o present a proposal

    presentar algo al cobro o al pago — (Com) to present sth for payment

    2) (=entregar) to hand in

    presentó la dimisión — he handed in his resignation, he resigned

    3) (=mostrar) [+ señal, síntoma] to show
    4) (=exponer al público) [+ producto, disco, libro] to launch
    5) [en espectáculo] [+ obra] to perform; [+ actor, actriz] to present, feature
    6) (=ser presentador de) [+ programa televisivo] to present, host

    J. Pérez presenta el programa — the programme is presented o hosted by J. Pérez

    ¿quién presenta ahora las noticias de las nueve? — who presents o reads the nine o'clock news now?

    7) (=tener) to have
    8) [+ persona] to introduce

    a ver si te presento a mi amiga Jacinta — you must meet my friend Jacinta, I must introduce you to my friend Jacinta

    ser presentada en sociedad — to come out, make one's début

    9) (=ofrecer) [+ disculpa] to offer, make

    le presento mis consideraciones — [en carta] yours faithfully

    10) (Mil)

    presentar batalla — (lit) to draw up in battle array; (fig) to offer resistance

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.
    Ex. Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.
    Ex. The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex. For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex. These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex. The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex. Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex. Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex. Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex. A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex. Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex. The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex. The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex. This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex. Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex. Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex. Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex. The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex. It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex. This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex. Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex. They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex. The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    ----
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    presentar (según)
    (v.) = cast (in/into)

    Ex: Which of the following subject analyses is cast in the citation order PMEST?.

    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.

    Ex: Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.

    Ex: The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex: For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex: These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex: The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex: Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex: Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex: Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex: Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex: A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex: Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex: The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex: The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex: This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex: Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex: Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex: Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex: The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex: It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex: This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex: Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex: They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex: The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].

    * * *
    presentar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (mostrar) to present
    un producto bien presentado a well-presented product
    2 (exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch
    presentó sus nuevos cuadros she presented her new paintings
    presentará su colección de otoño en Londres he will present o exhibit his autumn collection in London
    el nuevo XS34 se presentará al público en el salón de Turín the new XS34 will be on display (to the public) for the first time at the Turin show
    3 (entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit
    le presenté el pasaporte para que me lo sellara I gave him my passport for stamping, I presented my passport to him for stamping
    tengo que presentar los planes mañana I have to submit o present the plans tomorrow
    4 (enseñar) to show
    hay que presentar el carné para entrar you have to show your membership card to get in
    5 ‹disculpas/excusas› to make
    fui a presentar mis respetos I went to pay my respects
    presentó su dimisión she handed in o submitted her resignation, she resigned
    pienso presentar una queja I intend filing o making a complaint
    presentaron una denuncia they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint
    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    presentar cargos to bring charges
    presentar una demanda to bring a lawsuit
    6 ( Mil):
    presentar armas to present arms
    B (TV) ‹programa› to present, introduce
    C [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹persona› to introduce
    el director presentó al conferenciante the director introduced the speaker
    me presentó a su familia he introduced me to his family
    te presento a mi hermana I'd like you to meet my sister/this is my sister
    D
    (mostrar, ofrecer): el nuevo modelo presenta algunas novedades the latest model has o offers some new features
    presenta muchas ventajas para el consumidor it offers the consumer many advantages
    el paciente no presentaba síntomas de intoxicación the patient showed no signs of food poisoning
    el cadáver presenta un impacto de bala en el costado ( frml); there is a bullet wound in the side of the body, the body has a bullet wound in the side
    A
    1 (en un lugar) to turn up, appear
    se presentó en casa sin avisar he turned up o showed up o appeared at the house unexpectedly
    se presentó voluntariamente a la policía he turned himself in to the police
    tendrá que presentarse ante el juez he will have to appear before the judge
    2
    (a un concurso, examen): se presentó al examen she took o ( BrE) sat the exam
    me presenté al concurso I entered the competition
    se presenta como candidato independiente he's an independent candidate, he's running as an independent ( AmE), he's standing as an independent ( BrE)
    se presentó para el cargo de director he applied for the post of director
    B «dificultad/problema» to arise, come up, crop up ( colloq)
    estaré allí salvo que se presente algún impedimento I'll be there unless something crops up o comes up
    si se me presenta la oportunidad if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises
    el futuro se presenta prometedor the future looks promising
    el asunto se presenta muy mal things are looking very bad
    C (darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    permítame que me presente allow me to introduce myself
    presentarse en sociedad to make one's debut (in society)
    * * *

     

    presentar ( conjugate presentar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) ( exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch;

    ‹ obra de arte› to present;
    ‹ colección de moda› to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit;

    ‹ trabajo› to hand in;
    ‹ renuncia› to hand in, submit
    d) ( enseñar) ‹carnet/pasaporte› to show

    e) ‹disculpas/excusas› to make;

    ‹ queja› to file, make;
    ‹ cargos› to bring;

    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    f) (Mil):


    2 (TV) ‹ programa› to present, introduce
    3 ‹ persona› to introduce;

    4 ‹novedad/ventaja› to offer;
    ‹ síntoma› to show
    presentarse verbo pronominal
    1


    b) presentarse a algo ‹ a examen› to take sth;

    ‹ a concurso› to enter sth;
    ‹ a elecciones› to take part in sth;
    ◊ se presenta como candidato independiente he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent;

    presentarse para un cargo to apply for a post
    2 [dificultad/problema] to arise, come up;
    [ oportunidad] to arise
    3 ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    presentar verbo transitivo
    1 (un programa, pruebas, etc) to present
    2 (un producto) to launch
    3 (a una persona) to introduce
    4 (síntomas, características, etc) to have, show
    5 (disculpas) to give, present
    (condolencias) to give, pay
    6 (la dimisión) to hand in
    7 (una queja) to file, make
    ' presentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alegar
    - compeler
    - convenir
    - dimisión
    - esquema
    - revestir
    - dar
    - demanda
    - denuncia
    - introducir
    - licitar
    - moción
    - queja
    - querella
    - renuncia
    English:
    bring forward
    - charge
    - claim
    - field
    - file
    - hand in
    - host
    - introduce
    - lay
    - lodge
    - make out
    - model
    - pay
    - present
    - press
    - produce
    - put in
    - put on
    - put up
    - register
    - render
    - replay
    - report
    - represent
    - rerun
    - respect
    - serve up
    - set out
    - show
    - slant
    - star
    - submit
    - table
    - this
    - bring
    - come
    - display
    - enter
    - exhibit
    - float
    - hand
    - notice
    - propose
    - put
    - retake
    - sponsor
    - tender
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [mostrar, entregar] to present;
    [dimisión] to tender, to hand in; [tesis] to hand in, to submit; [pruebas, propuesta] to submit; [recurso, denuncia] to lodge; [solicitud] to make; [moción] to propose;
    presente su pasaporte en la ventanilla show your passport at the window;
    presentar cargos/una demanda contra alguien to bring charges/an action against sb;
    ¡presenten armas! [en ejército] present arms!;
    es un trabajo muy bien presentado it is a very well presented piece of work
    2. [dar a conocer] to introduce;
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends;
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen;
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced;
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager;
    no se conocían, pero yo los presenté they didn't know each other, but I introduced them (to each other)
    3. [anunciar] [programa de radio o televisión] to present;
    [espectáculo] to compere;
    la mujer que presenta el telediario the woman who reads the news on TV
    4. [proponer para competición] [obra] to enter;
    presentar una novela a un premio literario to enter a novel for a literary prize;
    presentar una película a concurso to enter a film at a film festival;
    presentar a alguien para algo to propose sb for sth, to put sb forward for sth;
    el partido presentará a la señora Cruz para la alcaldía the party is putting Mrs Cruz forward for the office of mayor, Mrs Cruz will be the party's candidate for the office of mayor
    5. [exhibir por primera vez] [planes, presupuestos] to present;
    [película] to premiere; [libro, disco] to launch;
    el club presentó a su último fichaje ante la prensa the club introduced its new signing to the press
    6. [ofrecer] [disculpas, excusas] to make;
    [respetos] to pay;
    nos presentó (sus) disculpas he made his excuses to us
    7. [tener] [aspecto, características, novedades] to have;
    este fondo de inversión presenta grandes ventajas this investment fund offers o has big advantages;
    la playa presenta un aspecto deplorable the beach is in a terrible state;
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve;
    el paciente presentaba síntomas de deshidratación the patient presented symptoms of dehydration
    * * *
    v/t
    1 TV present
    2 a alguien introduce
    3 producto launch
    4 solicitud submit
    * * *
    1) : to present, to show
    2) : to offer, to give
    3) : to submit (a document), to launch (a product)
    4) : to introduce (a person)
    * * *
    1. (personas) to introduce
    te presento a Iván this is Iván / meet Iván
    2. (programa, idea, propuesta) to present
    3. (un producto) to launch
    4. (señales, aspecto) to have / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > presentar

  • 7 mesías

    m. s.&pl.
    1 Messiah.
    2 messiah.
    * * *
    1 the Messiah
    * * *
    SM INV Messiah
    * * *
    masculino Messiah
    * * *
    Ex. Freethinkers include atheists, agnostics and rationalists -- no one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, creed, or messiah.
    ----
    * Mesías, el = Anointed One, the.
    * * *
    masculino Messiah
    * * *
    el Mesías
    = Anointed One, the

    Ex: The title 'Christ' comes from the Greek word 'Christos' which is a translation of the Hebrew word Messiah meaning ' The Anointed One'.

    Ex: Freethinkers include atheists, agnostics and rationalists -- no one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, creed, or messiah.

    * Mesías, el = Anointed One, the.

    * * *
    1 ( Relig) Messiah
    2 (salvador) savior*, Messiah
    * * *

    Mesías sustantivo masculino
    Messiah
    Mesías m Rel el Mesías, the Messiah
    ' Mesías' also found in these entries:
    English:
    Messiah
    * * *
    mesías nm inv
    1. Rel
    el Mesías the Messiah
    2. Pey [salvador] saviour, Messiah
    * * *
    m inv messiah
    * * *
    : Messiah

    Spanish-English dictionary > mesías

  • 8 ὀφειλέτης

    ὀφειλέτης, ου, ὁ (ὀφείλω; Soph. et al.; BGU 954, 22; En 6:3 ἐγὼ μόνος ὀφειλέτης ἁμαρτίας μεγάλης; TestJob 11:12).
    ① one who is in debt in a monetary sense, debtor (Pla., Leg. 5, 736d; Plut. et al.) w. the amount of the debt given in the gen. ὀφ. μυρίων ταλάντων who owed ten thousand talents Mt 18:24 (s. τάλαντον).
    ② one who is under obligation in a moral or social sense, one under obligation, one liable for, ext. of 1.
    ⓐ debtor πάντες ὀφειλέται ἐσμὲν ἁμαρτίας we are all debtors in the matter of sin Pol 6:1.
    ⓑ one who is obligated to do someth. ὀφειλέτην εἶναι be under obligation w. gen. or dat. of pers. or thing to whom (which) one is obligated (B-D-F §190, 1; Rob. 537 al.): w. gen. of pers. obligated to someone Ro 15:27. W. dat. of pers. 1:14; 8:12. That which one is obligated to do stands in the gen. ὀφειλέται ἐσμὲν οὐ τ. σαρκὶ τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ζῆν we are under obligation but not to the flesh, to live according to its demands Ro 8:12 (s. B-D-F §400, 2; Rob. 1076). The simple inf. (Soph., Aj. 590) is found instead of the articular inf. in the gen.: ὀφ. ἐστὶν ὅλον τὸν νόμον ποιῆσαι Gal 5:3.
    ⓒ one who is guilty of a misdeed, one who is culpable, at fault
    α. in relation to pers., w. gen. of the one against whom the misdeed was committed ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφ. ἡμῶν we have forgiven our debtors, i. e., those who are guilty of sin against us Mt 6:12; cp. D 8:2.
    β. in relation to God, sinner (cp. Lk 13:4 w. vs. 2 ἁμαρτωλοί) abs. ὅτι αὐτοὶ ὀφειλέται ἐγένοντο παρὰ πάντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους that they were sinners to a greater degree than all the other people Lk 13:4.—Betz, SM p. 400 n. 479 (lit). DELG s.v. ὀφείλω. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὀφειλέτης

  • 9 librepensador

    adj.
    freethinking, liberal.
    m.
    freethinker.
    * * *
    1 freethinking
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 freethinker
    * * *
    librepensador, -a
    SM / F freethinker
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino freethinker
    * * *
    = libertine, freethinker.
    Ex. Sedition is bred in the lap of luxury and its chosen emissaries are the beggared spendthrift and the impoverished libertine.
    Ex. Freethinkers include atheists, agnostics and rationalists -- no one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, creed, or messiah.
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino freethinker
    * * *
    = libertine, freethinker.

    Ex: Sedition is bred in the lap of luxury and its chosen emissaries are the beggared spendthrift and the impoverished libertine.

    Ex: Freethinkers include atheists, agnostics and rationalists -- no one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, creed, or messiah.

    * * *
    freethinking
    masculine, feminine
    freethinker
    * * *
    librepensador, -ora
    ♦ adj
    freethinking
    ♦ nm,f
    freethinker
    * * *
    I adj freethinking
    II m, librepensadora f freethinker

    Spanish-English dictionary > librepensador

  • 10 Recht

    Recht n 1. RECHT law (Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen, objektives Recht); 2. RECHT right (to do sth) (das Recht etw. zu tun, subjektives Recht) • alle Rechte vorbehalten RECHT all rights reserved • auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • das Recht haben RECHT have the right to • für Recht erkennen RECHT make a judgment, adjudge • im Recht sein GEN be in the right • in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun GEN give sb the right to do sth • nach deutschem Recht RECHT according to German law • Recht haben RECHT be in the right • Recht übertragen GEN, RECHT alienate • Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen RECHT restore law and order • Recht vorbehalten RECHT reserve a right • Rechte gewährt durch PAT rights afforded by • von einem Recht Gebrauch machen RECHT exercise a right • von Rechts wegen RECHT by law, de jure
    * * *
    n < Recht> 1. Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen law, 2. das Recht etw. zu tun right (to do something) ■ alle Rechte vorbehalten < Recht> all rights reserved ■ auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ im Recht sein < Geschäft> be in the right ■ in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun < Geschäft> give sb the right to do sth ■ nach deutschem Recht < Recht> according to German law ■ Recht übertragen <Geschäft, Recht> alienate ■ Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen < Recht> restore law and order ■ Rechte gewährt durch < Patent> rights afforded by ■ von einem Recht Gebrauch machen < Recht> exercise a right ■ von Rechts wegen < Recht> by law, de jure
    * * *
    Recht
    law, (Anspruch) right, claim, interest, title, (Befugnis) power, authority, (rechtliches Gehör) due process of law, (Gerechtigkeit) justice, (Rechtsstudium) jurisprudence, law, (Vorrecht) privilege;
    • alle Rechte vorbehalten copyright entered at Stationer’s Hall, all rights reserved;
    • aus eigenem Recht in one’s own right;
    • ausschließlich aller Rechte (Wertpapier) ex all;
    • mit gegenwärtigem Recht auf zukünftige Nutzung vested in interest;
    • mit dem Recht des Substanzeingriffs (Pächter) without impeachment of waste;
    • nach englischem Recht under English law;
    • nach materiellem Recht upon the merits;
    • ohne das geringste (jeden Anschein von) Recht without any colo(u)r of right;
    • von Rechts wegen as of right, according to (by operation of) law, in duty bound;
    • abgeleitetes Recht (EU) secondary legislation;
    • abgetretenes Recht assigned right;
    • abtretbares Recht transferable right;
    • älteres Recht (Sachenrecht) paramount title;
    • angeborenes Recht inherent right;
    • angestammtes Recht birthright;
    • nicht mehr angewandtes Recht law fallen into disuse;
    • anwendbares (anzuwendendes) Recht governing (applicable) law;
    • ausländisches Recht foreign law;
    • ausschließliches Recht exclusive right;
    • außerstaatliches Recht external law;
    • bedingtes Recht contingent interest;
    • begründete Rechte vested rights;
    • vertraglich begründetes Recht contractual right;
    • nebeneinander bestehende Rechte concurrent interests;
    • zur Kaufpreissicherung bestelltes Recht purchase-money security interest (US);
    • bindendes Recht binding law;
    • bürgerliches Recht common (civil, private) law;
    • aufschiebend bedingtes dingliches Recht executory interest;
    • einklagbares Recht enforceable right;
    • einzelstaatliches Recht (EU) national law;
    • entgegenstehende Rechte conflicting rights;
    • erworbene Rechte rights accrued, vested rights;
    • formelles Recht law adjective, procedural law;
    • geltendes Recht existing (established) law, law in force;
    • am Ort des Vertragsabschlusses geltendes Recht law of the place where the contract is made;
    • streitig gemachtes Recht threatened right;
    • grundlegendes Recht fundamental right;
    • gültiges Recht law in force;
    • höchstpersönliches Recht right of persons, personal servitude;
    • innerstaatliches (inländisches) Recht internal (domestic, national, municipal) law;
    • internationales Recht international law, law of nations;
    • materielles Recht substantive law;
    • nachgewiesenes Recht proved claim;
    • nachgiebiges Recht flexible law;
    • naturgegebenes Recht inherent right;
    • öffentliches Recht public law;
    • originäres Recht natural right;
    • persönliches Recht private (personal) law;
    • staatsbürgerliche Rechte civil rights;
    • stärkeres Recht title paramount;
    • genau umschriebene Rechte definite rights;
    • unabdingbares Recht inalienable right;
    • unbestrittenes Recht clear title;
    • ungeschriebenes Recht unwritten law;
    • verbriefte Rechte (Verfassung) vested (chartered) rights;
    • verfassungsmäßig verbürgtes Recht constitutional right;
    • vererbliche Rechte incorporeal hereditaments;
    • verjährtes Recht statute-barred right;
    • vertragliches Recht contractual right;
    • vertragsähnliches Recht quasi-contractual right;
    • verwirktes Recht forfeited right;
    • im Rang vorgehendes Recht senior title;
    • wohlerworbene Rechte duly acquired rights, (Verfassung) vested rights (US);
    • Recht des Aberntens [auch nach Beendigung der Pachtzeit] (Pächter) right to emblement;
    • Recht auf Abtretung der Ersatzansprüche right of subrogation;
    • Recht auf Akteneinsicht right to inspect files;
    • Recht auf Arbeit right to work, employment right;
    • Rechte von schwangeren oder stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen rights for working women who are pregnant or breastfeeding;
    • Recht auf ungestörte Aussicht right of view;
    • Recht zur Banknotenausgabe note-issuing privilege (Br.);
    • Recht auf Beanstandung right to [lodge] complaint;
    • Recht auf vorzugsweise Befriedigung im Konkursverfahren priority (preference) claim;
    • Recht auf Beibehaltung des Arbeitsplatzes bei Entlassungen bumping right;
    • Rechte Dritter third-party rights;
    • Recht am geistiges Eigentum intellectual property right;
    • handelsbezogene Rechte am geistigen Eigentum trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS);
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme right to inspect;
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme in die Geschäftsbücher right of access to the books;
    • individuelles Recht auf Elternurlaub individual right to parental leave;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher bzw. gleichwertiger Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value;
    • Recht auf Entnahme right of withdrawal;
    • Rechte gutgläubiger Erwerber rights of innocent purchasers;
    • ausschließliches Recht zur Fernsehwerbung exclusive right to broadcast television advertising;
    • gleiche Rechte für Frauen und Männer (EU)equal rights and opportunities for women and men;
    • Rechte und Freiheiten der ideologischen und philosophischen Minderheiten rights and liberties of ideological and philosophical minorities;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit right to free movement;
    • Recht auf Gegendarstellung right of reply;
    • Recht auf Gegenseitigkeit law of reciprocity;
    • Rechte an einem Grundstück legal interests in land, chattels real;
    • Recht der Handelsvertreter agency law;
    • Recht der unerlaubten Handlungen law of torts;
    • sachenrechtsähnliches Recht an Immobilien equitable state;
    • Recht im Internet cyberlaw;
    • Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften company law (Br.);
    • Recht des Kaufvertrags law of sales;
    • Rechte der Mehrheit majority rights;
    • Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung freedom of speech, right to speak;
    • Rechte der Minderheit minority rights;
    • Recht auf Nachlassbeschränkung (Erbe) benefit of inventory;
    • Recht der Niederlassung right of settlement;
    • Rechte einer juristischen Person corporate rights;
    • Rechte und Pflichten rights and liabilities;
    • Recht der Produkthaftung product liability law;
    • Recht auf Rückkehr an den gleichen oder einen gleichwertigen Arbeitsplatz right to return to the same or an equivalent job;
    • Rechte an Sachen right of things;
    • Recht an beweglichen Sachen chattel interest;
    • Recht des Schadenersatzes law of damages;
    • Recht auf Schutz der Intimsphäre right of privacy;
    • Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung self-determination right in information;
    • Recht auf Selbstverteidigung inherent right of self-defence;
    • Recht auf Stellvertretung law of agency;
    • Recht der Vereinigungsfreiheit right of freedom of association;
    • Rechte und Verpflichtungen aus einem Vertrag rights and obligations arising under a contract;
    • Rechte des Wechselinhabers holder’s right;
    • Recht auf Wiederinbesitznahme right of reentry;
    • Rechte von Wöchnerinnen rights for working women who have recently given birth;
    • jem. ein Recht aberkennen to divest s. o. of a right;
    • Recht abtreten to assign (cede) a right;
    • sich jds. Rechte anmaßen to usurp s. one’s rights;
    • über die Rechte in anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten aufklären to inform of the rights in other EU countries;
    • Recht ausüben to exercise a right;
    • Recht auf den Bezug junger Aktien ausüben to exercise the right to subscribe for new shares (stocks, US);
    • Recht beanspruchen to vindicate a claim;
    • jds. Rechte beeinträchtigen to prejudice (encroach upon) s. one’s rights;
    • sich eines Rechtes begeben to abandon (surrender) a right;
    • auf seinem Recht bestehen to insist on one’s right, to exact one’s pound of flesh;
    • zu Recht bestehen to be good in law;
    • Recht beugen to stretch law, to pervert the course of justice;
    • seine Rechte gerichtlich durchsetzen to enforce one’s rights;
    • in vertragliche Rechte eingreifen to impair the obligations of a contract;
    • in jds. Rechte eintreten to succeed to s. one’s rights;
    • für Recht erkennen to hold, to adjudicate, to find;
    • Recht ersitzen to prescribe to a right;
    • Recht auf Selbstbestimmung garantieren to guarantee (safeguard) the right of self-determination;
    • eines Rechtes verlustig gehen to forfeit a right;
    • Recht genießen (haben) to enjoy a right;
    • Recht auf seiner Seite haben to have a strong case;
    • Recht erlöschen (verfallen) lassen to allow a right to lapse;
    • von seinem guten Recht Gebrauch machen to exercise one’s perfectly valid right;
    • jem. ein Recht streitig machen to contest s. one’s right;
    • seine Rechte missbrauchen to exceed (act in excess of) one’s rights;
    • sein Recht in Anspruch nehmen to push one’s demands;
    • jds. Rechte schmälern to curtail (entrench, restrain) s. one’s rights;
    • im Recht sein to have the law on one’s side;
    • unvereinbar mit dem Recht der Europäischen Union sein to be inconsistent with European Community law;
    • Recht sprechen to dispense (administer) justice, to judge;
    • j. im Genuss seiner Rechte stören to disturb s. o. in the lawful enjoyment of rights;
    • Recht mit Füßen treten to fly in the face of the law;
    • Recht übertragen to assign (transfer) a right;
    • Recht verdrehen to pervert the course of justice, to twist the law;
    • jem. ein Recht verleihen to confer a right upon s. o.;
    • Recht verletzen to infringe a right;
    • jds. Rechte verletzen to trespass on s. one’s rights;
    • auf ein Recht verzichten to relinquish (disclaim) a right;
    • sich ein Recht vorbehalten to reserve a right for o. s.;
    • Recht wahren to safeguard a right;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit wahrnehmen to take advantage of the right to free movement;
    • nach dem Recht des Wohnsitzes beurteilt werden to be governed by the law of domicile;
    • den Arbeitern ein verbrieftes Recht auf Grundkapitalbeteiligung zugestehen to give workers a recognized right to a bit of the equity.

    Business german-english dictionary > Recht

  • 11 push

    1. I
    don't push! не толкайтесь!, не напирайте!; push! от себя! (надпись на дверях)
    2. II
    1) push in some manner push rudely (cautiously, violently, unintentionally, etc.) грубо и т.д. толкнуть; push somewhere push aside (back, forward, etc.) протискиваться в сторону и т.д.
    2) push in some manner door that pushes easily дверь, которая легко открывается
    3. III
    1) push smth., smb. push a cart (a wheelbarrow, a pram, etc.) толкать перед собой тележку и т.д.; push the gate (the door, etc.) толкать /толчком открывать/ ворота и т.д.; push the window резко распахнуть окне; push the door, don't pull it толкните дверь, не дергайте ее; smb. pushed me кто-то толкнул /пихнул/ меня
    2) push smth., smb. push the button нажимать кнопку; push one's demands (a proposal, an action, etc.) настойчиво выставлять /отстаивать/ свои требования и т.д.; unless you push your claims you'll get no satisfaction вы ничего не получите, если не проявите настойчивости; push one's advantage использовать свое преимущество; I don't want to push you я не хочу оказывать на вас давление; push one's wares рекламировать или навязывать свои товары id don't push your luck не искушай судьбу
    3) push smb. push one's nephew продвигать своего племянника, протежировать своему племяннику; push oneself стараться продвинуться
    4. IV
    1) push smb. in some manner his parents push him too hard родители слишком на него давят
    2) push smth., smb. somewhere push books (papers, dishes, etc.) aside отодвигать /сдвигать/ [в сторону] / книги и т.д.; push smb. aside отталкивать кого-л.; push back the enemy's cavalry теснить кавалерию противника; push back one's hair откидывать волосы со лба; they pushed him down and he fell to' the bottom они столкнули его, и он упал на дно; push down the lid and lock the box надави на крышку и запри ящик; he wasn't at all hungry, he had to push the food down ему совсем не хотелось есть, и он с трудом проглатывал пищу; they pushed the prisoner in заключенного втолкнули в камеру; he is always pushing himself forward вечно он вылезает; he never pushes himself forward /ahead/ он никогда не лезет вперед; push smb., smth. out выталкивать кого-л., что-л.; push smb., smth. over столкнуть /опрокинуть/ кого-л., что-л.; don't push me over! не столкни меня!; take care, you'll push the table over осторожнее, ты опрокинешь стол; push smb. up /upwards/ подсаживать кого-л., помочь кому-л. взобраться куда-л.; I can't reach the branch, you push me up, please я не достаю ветку, подсади меня, пожалуйста; push up a shade (a blind, a window, etc.) поднимать жалюзи и т.д.; she pushed up her veil она откинула вуаль; Alexander the Great pushed his conquests still further east в своих завоеваниях Александр Македонский продвигался все дальше на восток
    3) push smth. somewhere push all obstacles (difficulties, etc.) aside устранять /сметать/ все препятствия и т.д.; push upwards the standard of living резко поднять уровень жизни; push a joke too far зайти в своей шутке слишком далеко; push smth. in some manner he pushed his plans cleverly он ловко устраивал свои дела /осуществлял свои планы/
    5. VI
    push smth. to some state push the door (the window, etc.) open распахнуть дверь и т.д.; push the drawer open резким движением выдвинуть ящик стола; push the door (the window, the drawer, etc.) shut /closed/ захлопнуть дверь и т.д.
    6. VII
    push smb. to do smth. push smb. (oneself) to complete the job (to continue doing this dull work, to sell the picture, etc.) заставлять кого-л. (себя) закончить работу и т.д.
    7. XI
    1) be pushed by smb., smth. our train was pushed uphill by an additional locomotive в гору наш поезд тянул еще один паровоз; the wheelchair was pushed by a servant слуга толкал инвалидную коляску
    2) be pushed in some manner preparations are being pushed actively ведутся активные приготовления; be pushed for smth. be pushed for time (for money, etc.) иметь очень мало времени и т.д.; we are pushed for an answer нас торопят с ответом; be pushed into smth. I was pushed into medicine (into music, into business, etc.) меня заставили заняться медициной и т.д.; be pushed into smth. by smb. I was pushed into this affair by my brother мой брат втянул меня в это дело /толкнул меня на эту аферу/
    8. XVI
    1) push with smth. push with the elbow (with the shoulder, with the fists, etc.) пробивать себе дорогу /расталкивать кого-л./ локтями и т.д.; push with all one's might проталкиваться /напирать/ изо всех сил; push into (down, past, etc.) smth., smb. push into the room (into the elevator, into the car, etc.) втиснуться /с трудом войти/ в комнату и т.д.; push into the world's market пробиться на мировой рынок; push down the river (down the stream, etc.) спускаться /плыть вниз/ по реке и т.д.; the rude fellow pushed past me грубиян, толкнув меня, прошел мимо; who is pushing at the back there? кто там напирает сзади?; we pushed through a crowd мы проталкивались сквозь толпу
    2) push at smth. push at the doorbell нажимать на кнопку звонка
    9. XXI1
    1) push smb., smth. into (off, out of, through, etc.) smth. push smb., smth. into the water (into the river, into the pit, etc.) столкнуть /спихнуть/ кого-л., что-л. в воду и т.д.; push smb. into the room втолкнуть /впихнуть/ кого-л. в комнату; push a cork into a bottle протолкнуть пробку в бутылку; push a finger into smb.'s eye ткнуть кого-л. пальцем в глаз; push money into smb.'s hands сунуть деньги кому-л. в руки; push one's way into the meeting силой /расталкивая всех/ прорваться на собрание; push the war into the enemy's country перенести военные действия на территорию противника; push smb., smth. off the pavement (off the train, off the platform, off the ladder, off the table, etc.) сбросить /столкнуть/ кого-л., что-л. с тротуара и т.д.: push smb. out of the room выталкивать кого-л. из комнаты; push smb. out of the way столкнуть кого-л. со своего пути; push a pin through a piece of cardboard проткнуть картон булавкой; push a string through a hole пропустить веревку через отверстие; push one's way through the crowd (through the bushes, through obstacles, etc.) прокладывать себе дорогу /пробиваться/ через толпу и т.д.; push one's head through the window высунуть голову в окно; push smb. against a door (against a wall, against a gate, etc.) прижимать кого-л. к двери и т.д.; push the table nearer to the Walt (the chair to the window, the book to me, a dish to the centre of the table, the box a little to the right, etc.) пододвигать стол ближе к стене и т.д.; push smb., smth. with smth. push smb., smth. with one's hand (with one's shoulder, etc.) толкать кого-л., что-л. рукой и т.д.
    2) push smth. to (through, into, etc.) smth. push one's plan (one's project, the work, etc.) to completion настойчиво добиваться завершения плана и т.д.; push a bill through Congress (a measure through the committee, etc.) "проталкивать" законопроект через конгресс и т.д.; push one's way into a job добиться работы /места/; push smth. in smth. push one's way in life (in the world. etc.) прокладывать себе дорогу /пробиваться/ в жизни и т.д.; push smb. for smth. push smb. for an answer (for money, for payment, etc.) торопить кого-л. с ответом и т.д.; push smth. on smb. coll. push one's wares (inferior merchandise, etc.) on one's customers навязывать товар и т.д. покупателям
    3) push smb. to smth. push smb. to the limits of his patience (to the last extremity, to the verge of exhaustion, to the point of self-torture, etc.) доводить кого-л. до крайности и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > push

  • 12 שבע

    שָׁבַעNif. נִשְׁבַּע (b. h.) to be sworn, to swear. Shebu.III, 6 נ׳ לבטלוכ׳ if a person swears that he will omit to perform a commandment. Ib. VI, 4 אין נִשְׁבָּעִין עלוכ׳ no oath is imposed in refutation of a claim of a deaf and mute, or of an insane person, or of a minor, nor do we administer an oath to a (claimant) minor, אבל נשבעין לקטןוכ׳ but you must make oath when suing a minor or the sacred treasury. Ib. 7 ומי נ׳ מי … שמא יִשָּׁבַע זהוכ׳ which of them is first admitted to an oath? He with whom the (lost) pledge was deposited, lest this one (the debtor) swear (to the value of the pledge), and the other produce the pledge (and prove him a perjurer). Ib. VII, 1 כל הנשבעין שבתורה נשבעיןוכ׳ all those bound to swear according to Biblical law swear and are free from payment, but the following swear and receive (are awarded their claim). Ib. 32b ואינו יכול לִישָּׁבֵעַ, v. שְׁבוּעָה; a. fr. Hif. הִשְׁבִּיעַ to adjure; to impose, administer an oath. Ib. IV, 3 אמרו אין אנו … מַשְׁבִּיעַ אני עליכםוכ׳ if they say, we know no testimony in thy case, (and he says,) I adjure you, and they say, Amen: they are guilty (if they could testify). Ib. ה׳ עליהן … חוץוכ׳ if he adjured them five times out of court, and coming before court they confess (that they know testimony), they are acquitted. Ib. VIII, 2 מַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ אניוכ׳ I adjure thee, and he says, Amen. Ib. 29a; 39a, a. e. וכשמַשְׁבִּיעִין אותו … אני משביעין אותךוכ׳ and when the court administers an oath to him, they say to him, know that we cause thee to swear not in thy sense, but in the sense of God and in the sense of the court; a. fr.Part. pass. מוּשְׁבָּע; pl. מוּשְׁבָּעִין. Ib. 31a מ׳ מפי עצמו one who is sworn on his own demand (in his own case); מ׳ מפי אחרים one who is sworn on other peoples demands (as a supposed witness that claims ignorance). Ib. III, 6 הרשות שאינו מ׳ עליה מהר סיני a religiously indifferent act, on which he is not sworn from Mount Sinai; מצוה שהוא מ׳וכ׳ a religious act on which he is sworn Ib. 21b; 22b, v. סִינַי; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > שבע

  • 13 שָׁבַע

    שָׁבַעNif. נִשְׁבַּע (b. h.) to be sworn, to swear. Shebu.III, 6 נ׳ לבטלוכ׳ if a person swears that he will omit to perform a commandment. Ib. VI, 4 אין נִשְׁבָּעִין עלוכ׳ no oath is imposed in refutation of a claim of a deaf and mute, or of an insane person, or of a minor, nor do we administer an oath to a (claimant) minor, אבל נשבעין לקטןוכ׳ but you must make oath when suing a minor or the sacred treasury. Ib. 7 ומי נ׳ מי … שמא יִשָּׁבַע זהוכ׳ which of them is first admitted to an oath? He with whom the (lost) pledge was deposited, lest this one (the debtor) swear (to the value of the pledge), and the other produce the pledge (and prove him a perjurer). Ib. VII, 1 כל הנשבעין שבתורה נשבעיןוכ׳ all those bound to swear according to Biblical law swear and are free from payment, but the following swear and receive (are awarded their claim). Ib. 32b ואינו יכול לִישָּׁבֵעַ, v. שְׁבוּעָה; a. fr. Hif. הִשְׁבִּיעַ to adjure; to impose, administer an oath. Ib. IV, 3 אמרו אין אנו … מַשְׁבִּיעַ אני עליכםוכ׳ if they say, we know no testimony in thy case, (and he says,) I adjure you, and they say, Amen: they are guilty (if they could testify). Ib. ה׳ עליהן … חוץוכ׳ if he adjured them five times out of court, and coming before court they confess (that they know testimony), they are acquitted. Ib. VIII, 2 מַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ אניוכ׳ I adjure thee, and he says, Amen. Ib. 29a; 39a, a. e. וכשמַשְׁבִּיעִין אותו … אני משביעין אותךוכ׳ and when the court administers an oath to him, they say to him, know that we cause thee to swear not in thy sense, but in the sense of God and in the sense of the court; a. fr.Part. pass. מוּשְׁבָּע; pl. מוּשְׁבָּעִין. Ib. 31a מ׳ מפי עצמו one who is sworn on his own demand (in his own case); מ׳ מפי אחרים one who is sworn on other peoples demands (as a supposed witness that claims ignorance). Ib. III, 6 הרשות שאינו מ׳ עליה מהר סיני a religiously indifferent act, on which he is not sworn from Mount Sinai; מצוה שהוא מ׳וכ׳ a religious act on which he is sworn Ib. 21b; 22b, v. סִינַי; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > שָׁבַע

  • 14 commander

    commander [kɔmɑ̃de]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. ( = ordonner) to order
    • sans vous commander, pourriez-vous taper cette lettre ? if it's no trouble, could you type this letter?
       b. [+ respect, admiration] to command
       c. [+ marchandise, repas, boisson] to order ; (à un artiste) to commission
    • avez-vous déjà commandé ? (au café) have you ordered?
       d. [+ armée, navire, expédition, attaque] to command
    • à la maison, c'est elle qui commande she's the boss (inf) at home
       e. ( = contrôler) to control
    * * *
    kɔmɑ̃de
    1.
    1) Commerce to order
    2) ( demander l'exécution de) to commission [livre, tableau, sondage]
    3) Armée ( être à la direction de) to command, to be in command of [armée]
    5) ( exiger)
    6) ( actionner) [dispositif, ordinateur] to control [mécanisme]

    2.
    commander à verbe transitif indirect ( avoir autorité sur)

    3.
    verbe intransitif [personne, chef] to give the orders, to be in command

    4.
    se commander verbe pronominal ( être contrôlable)

    la passion, ça ne se commande pas — passion doesn't come to order

    * * *
    kɔmɑ̃de
    1. vt
    1) COMMERCE to order

    J'ai commandé une robe par catalogue. — I've ordered a dress from a catalogue.

    2) [armée, troupes, division] to command, [opération] to be in charge of
    3) (= ordonner)

    commander à qn de faire qch — to command sb to do sth, to order sb to do sth

    4) TECHNIQUE, [fonction, mécanisme] to control
    2. vi
    1) (être le chef) to be in charge

    C'est moi qui commande ici, pas vous! — I give the orders here, not you!, It's me who's in charge here, not you!

    2)

    commander à MILITAIRE — to command, (= contrôler, maîtriser) to have control over

    * * *
    commander verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( demander livraison de) to order [article, produit]; commander qch à qn to order sth from sb, to place an order with sb for sth; commander des pièces à un fournisseur to order parts from a supplier; commander qch pour qn to order sth for sb; je t'ai commandé une veste I've ordered a jacket for you;
    2 ( demander l'exécution de) to commission [livre, sculpture, tableau, étude, sondage]; le rapport a été commandé par the report was commissioned by;
    3 (dans un restaurant, café) to order [boisson, plat]; commander une soupe en entrée to order a soup as a starter; êtes-vous prêts à commander? are you ready to order?; commander qch pour qn to order sth for sb; tu me commanderas une pizza order a pizza for me;
    4 Mil ( être à la direction de) to command, to be in command of [armée, troupe, division]; ( faire exécuter) to order [manœuvre, attaque, repli]; ( contrôler l'accès de) to command [fort];
    5 ( exercer une autorité sur) commander qn to order sb about; il aime commander tout le monde he loves ordering everyone about; sans te commander, tu peux fermer la porte? could I ask you to close the door?;
    6 ( exiger) to command; sa conduite commande le respect/l'admiration his/her behaviourGB commands respect/admiration; les circonstances commandent la prudence the circumstances call for caution;
    7 ( actionner) [dispositif, ordinateur] to control [mécanisme, manœuvre, levier]; la manette commande l'arrêt du moteur the lever stops the engine.
    B commander à vtr ind
    1 ( avoir autorité sur) commander à to be in command of;
    2 ( ordonner) commander à to order, to command.
    C vi [personne, chef] to give the orders, to be in command; c'est moi/lui qui commande! I'm/he's in charge!
    1 ( demander livraison de) [personne] to order oneself [article, produit]; je me suis commandé un chapeau I've ordered myself a hat;
    2 ( être contrôlable) la passion/l'amitié, ça ne se commande pas passion/friendship doesn't come to order; ces choses ne se commandent pas you can't force these things.
    [kɔmɑ̃de] verbe transitif
    1. [diriger - armée, expédition, soldats, équipe] to command ; [ - navire] to be in command of
    tu dois lui obéir, c'est lui qui commande you must obey him, he's in charge
    2. [ordonner]
    4. COMMERCE [tableau, ouvrage] to commission
    [objet manufacturé, repas] to order
    c'est fait, j'ai déjà commandé I've already ordered
    5. (soutenu) [requérir] to demand
    la prudence commande le silence absolu prudence demands total discretion, total discretion is required for the sake of prudence
    6. (littéraire) [maîtriser] to control
    ————————
    [kɔmɑ̃de] verbe intransitif
    [primer]
    ————————
    commander à verbe plus préposition
    1. [donner des ordres à - armée] to command
    2. (littéraire) [maîtriser] to control
    ————————
    se commander verbe pronominal
    [être imposé]
    je n'aime pas ces gens, ça ne se commande pas I don't like those people, I can't help it
    ————————
    se commander verbe pronominal intransitif
    (soutenu) [être relié - pièces] to be connected ou interconnected, to connect, to interconnect

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > commander

  • 15 ἐξαγοράζω

    ἐξαγοράζω (s. ἀγοράζω) 1 aor. ἐξηγόρασα. The commercial associations of the vb. ‘buy, buy up’ τὶ ‘someth.’ (Polyb. 3, 42, 2; Plut., Crass. 543 [2, 5]) or ‘redeem’ (lit. ‘buy back’), ‘deliver’ τινά ‘someone’ (Diod S 15, 7, 1; 36, 2, 2; not in LXX) invite a variety of extended usage:
    ① to secure deliverance of, deliver, liberate τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον those who are subject to the law Gal 4:5. The thing from which deliverance is obtained is added with ἐκ: ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου 3:13 (Dssm., LO 270–78 [LAE 322–34]; w. ἀπὸ Ar. 11, 3).
    ② to gain someth., esp. advantage or opportunity, make the most of. The sense of the act. in Da 2:8 (καιρὸν ὑμεῖς ἐξαγοράζετε) is ‘gain’ or ‘buy time’: the king’s oneiromancers face an hour of peril in which there are no options except to deliver what the monarch requests. The mid. ἐξαγοράζεσθαι τ. καιρόν Col 4:5; Eph 5:16 appropriately expresses choice in perilous times (ὅτι αἱ ἡμέραι πόνηραί εἰσιν) make the most of the time or opportunity in the sense ‘take advantage of any opportunity that comes your way’. (The context of Col. 4:5 relates to opportunity for evangelism; Eph 5:16 to avoidance of anything that inteferes with understanding of the Lord’s will.) S. also καιρός 1b; cp. Plut., Sert. 571 [6, 6] καιρὸν ὠνεῖσθαι, Phil. 364 [15] ἁρπάσας τὸν καιρόν; cp. OED s.v. redeem 8, ‘save (time) fr. being lost’.—RPope, ET 22, 1911, 552–54. For other interpretations, s. the lit. and 3 below.
    ③ The earliest occurrence of ἐ. suggests a further sense for the verb when used with the acc. buy off (Heraclides [III B.C.], Reisebilder 1951 §22 p. 82 FPfister: τὸν ἀδικηθέντα ἐξαγοράζειν=buy off the claims of the injured man, satisfy the one who has been wronged). So also the mid. διὰ μιᾶς ὥρας τὴν αἰώνιον κόλασιν ἐξαγοραζόμενοι with a single hour (of torment) buying off (avoiding) eternal punishment MPol 2:3 v.l. (cp. Iren., 5, 1, 2 [Harv. II 316, 8]). ἐ. in Col and Eph (s. 2 above) can be understood from this perspective, if 1 Cor 7:29–32 is taken into account (the καιρός is συνεσταλμένος and its ‘evil’ days present wrathful demands which must be satisfied).—Some mss. of MPol 2:3 read ζωήν instead of κόλασιν; in that case ἐ. would mean purchase (s. KLake, transl. ad loc., n. 2, also transll. of Kleist and Goodsp.).—SLyonnet, Biblica 42, ’61, 85–89, Sin, Redemption and Sacrifice, ’70, 104–19.—M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐξαγοράζω

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 demand

    dɪˈmɑ:nd
    1. сущ.
    1) а) официальное требование, официальный запрос б) вопрос, запрос excessive, exorbitant demand ≈ чрезмерные требования inexorable demand ≈ неумолимые требования moderate, modest, reasonable demand ≈ скромные требования make demand meet demand satisfy demand give in to demand yield to demand reject demand payment on demand
    2) потребность
    3) экон. спрос( for) to create a demand ≈ создавать спрос to meet, satisfy a demand ≈ удовлетворять спрос brisk, enormous, great, strong demand ≈ большой спрос There is a brisk demand for home computers. ≈ Сейчас большой спрос на домашние компьютеры. Small cars are in great demand. ≈ Малогабаритные машины пользуются большим спросом. limited demand ≈ ограниченный спрос the law of supply and demand ≈ закон спроса и предложения ∙ I have many demands on my purse ≈ у меня много расходов I have many demands on my time ≈ у меня очень много дел
    2. гл.
    1) требовать, потребовать (of, from - с кого-л., от кого-л.) ;
    предъявлять требование The thieves demanded money from the passengers. ≈ Грабители потребовали у пассажиров денег. The captain demanded obedience from his men. ≈ Капитан потребовал от своих людей подчинения. Syn: ask for, claim, exact, order, request, require Ant: forgo, relinquish
    2) нуждаться
    3) спрашивать, задавать вопрос;
    делать запрос Syn: ask, request
    4) а) юр. вызывать в суд, требовать явки в суд Syn: summon б) выставлять иск, предъявлять иск требование, настойчивая просьба - public * требование общественности - just *s справедливые требования - * for higher wages требование повышения зарплаты - * for an explanation требование объяснений - to present one's *s предъявить свои требования - to meet /to satisfy, to grant, to supply/ smb.'s *s удовлетворять чьи-л. требования - to meet the *s удовлетворять требованиям запросы - excessive *s чрезмерные запросы - high in *s с большими запросами - moderate in one's *s скромный в своих запросах, со скромными запросами - to make great *s on smb.'s good nature чересчур многого хотеть от кого-л. - you make too many *s on my patience ты испытываешь мое терпение (информатика) (компьютерное) запрос - computation * запрос на вычисление - an answer to a * ответ на запрос - * processing обработка запросов - * service( информационное) обслуживание в режиме "запрос - ответ" предъявление требования - payable on * (коммерческое) оплачиваемый /подлежащий оплате/ немедленно по предъявлении - to pay on * платить по первому требованию потребность, нужда - immediate *s непосредственные нужды (экономика) спрос - * and supply, supply and * спрос и предложение - poor * небольшой спрос - great /strong/ * большой спрос - effective * платежеспособный /реальный/ спрос - deferred * отложенный /накопившийся/ спрос - * for consumer goods спрос на потребительские товары - to be in little * не пользоваться спросом - to be in (great) * пользоваться( большим) спросом;
    быть ходким (о товаре) - typists are in great * повсюду требуются машинистки, на машинисток большой спрос - supply made not even the barest pretence of satisfying * предложение даже в малой мере не удовлетворяло спрос (юридическое) заявка, иск, претензия;
    законное притязание - to hold a * against smb. предъявить кому-л. претензию (электротехника) максимум нагрузки;
    потребляемая мощность > to have many *s on one's purse иметь много расходов;
    иметь много нахлебников > to have many *s on one's time иметь много дел /обязанностей/;
    быть вечно занятым требовать, предъявлять требование;
    настоятельно просить, предлагать - to * an apology требовать извинений - to * satisfaction требовать извинений;
    вызывать на дуэль, требовать сатисфакции - to * smth. of /from/ smb. требовать чего-л. от кого-л. - to * rent from jobless tenants требовать арендную плату с безработных квартирантов - to * that smth. should be done предложить сделать что-л. - I * to see everything я требую, чтобы мне показали все( информатика) запрашивать;
    делать запрос нуждаться, требовать - the operation *s great care операция требует большой осторожности - the case *s skill and energy для этого дела нужны сноровка и энергия настойчиво требовать ответа;
    спрашивать;
    задавать вопрос (часто после прямой речи) - to * smb.'s name спросить, как зовут кого-л. - to * identification потребовать удостоверить личность - he *ed what their business was он спросил их, что им нужно - "Who are you?" she *ed "Кто вы такой?" - спросила она( юридическое) вызывать в суд( юридическое) предъявлять официальную претензию на недвижимое имущество (в качестве ее законного собственника) aggregate ~ совокупный спрос ~ эк. спрос;
    a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу;
    to be in great demand быть в большом спросе boosting the ~ стимулирование спроса borrowing ~ спрос на банковский кредит brisk ~ оживленнный спрос computation ~ вчт. запрос на вычисление consumer ~ потребительский спрос continuous ~ непрерывный спрос cross ~ встречное требование declining ~ снижающийся спрос delayed ~ вчт. требование ожидающий обслуживания demand вызывать в суд ~ законное притязание ~ запрос ~ заявка, иск, претензия, законное притязание ~ заявка ~ иск ~ настоятельно просить ~ нужда ~ нуждаться;
    this problem demands attention этот вопрос требует внимания ~ нуждаться ~ потребность ~ предъявление требования ~ предъявлять официальную претензию на недвижимое имущество ~ предъявлять претензию ~ предъявлять требование ~ претензия ~ призывать ~ спрашивать, задавать вопрос;
    he demanded my business он спросил, что мне нужно ~ эк. спрос;
    a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу;
    to be in great demand быть в большом спросе ~ спрос ~ требование;
    payable on demand подлежащий оплате по предъявлении ~ требование ~ требовать (of, from - с кого-л., от кого-л.) ;
    предъявлять требование ~ требовать ~ attr.: ~ bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении;
    вексель, срочный по предъявлении;
    demand deposit бессрочный вклад;
    demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования ~ attr.: ~ bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении;
    вексель, срочный по предъявлении;
    demand deposit бессрочный вклад;
    demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования deposit: demand ~ депозитный счет demand ~ срочный вклад ~ factor коэффициент спроса;
    I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов;
    I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел factor: demand ~ коэффициент нагрузки ~ for bonds спрос на облигации ~ for capital спрос на капитал ~ эк. спрос;
    a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу;
    to be in great demand быть в большом спросе ~ for money спрос на деньги ~ for payment требование платежа payment: demand for ~ требование оплаты ~ for payment on account требование платежа по счету ~ for reciprocity требование взаимности ~ attr.: ~ bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении;
    вексель, срочный по предъявлении;
    demand deposit бессрочный вклад;
    demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования loan: demand ~ ссуда, выдаваемая по запросу deposit repayable on ~ вклад, выплачиваемый по требованию deposit repayable on ~ депозит, погашаемый по требованию deposit withdrawable on ~ депозит до востребования deposit withdrawable on ~ срочный вклад derived ~ производный спрос dispersed ~ рассредоточенный спрос domestic ~ внутренний спрос domestic ~ спрос на внутреннем рынке elastic ~ эластичный спрос excess ~ избыточный спрос excess ~ повышенный спрос excess ~ чрезмерный спрос external ~ спрос на внешнем рынке final ~ конечный спрос flat ~ слабый спрос foreign ~ зарубежный спрос growing ~ растущий спрос ~ спрашивать, задавать вопрос;
    he demanded my business он спросил, что мне нужно home ~ полит.эк. внутренний спрос housing ~ потребность в жилье ~ factor коэффициент спроса;
    I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов;
    I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел ~ factor коэффициент спроса;
    I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов;
    I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел in ~ пользующийся спросом increased ~ увеличившийся спрос inelastic ~ неэластичный спрос internal ~ спрос внутри страны international ~ международный спрос legitimate ~ законное требование less ~ за вычетом спроса make a ~ предъявлять требование meet a ~ удовлетворять спрос on ~ по запросу on ~ по требованию ~ требование;
    payable on demand подлежащий оплате по предъявлении on: ~ examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет;
    payable on demand оплата по требованию payable: ~ on demand оплачиваемый при предъявлении ~ on demand подлежащий уплате по первому требованию sagging ~ падающий спрос satisfy a ~ удовлетворять потребности satisfy a ~ удовлетворять спрос seasonal ~ сезонный спрос selective ~ селективный спрос served ~ вчт. обслуженное требование service ~ вчт. запрос на обслуживание slack ~ вялый спрос slack ~ низкий уровень спроса slack ~ слабый спрос speculative ~ спекулятивный спрос statutory ~ установленный спрос stimulating the ~ стимулирование спроса stochastic ~ вчт. стохастический спрос strong ~ устойчивый спрос surplus ~ избыточный спрос ~ нуждаться;
    this problem demands attention этот вопрос требует внимания

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > demand

  • 18 gebieten

    to compel; to be in command
    * * *
    ge|bie|ten [gə'biːtn] pret gebot [gə'boːt] ptp geboten [gə'boːtn] (geh)
    1. vt
    (= verlangen) to demand; (= befehlen) to command

    jdm etw gebíéten — to command sb to do sth

    der Ernst der Lage gebietet sofortiges Handeln — the seriousness of the situation demands immediate action

    See:
    2. vi
    1) (liter = herrschen) to have command (
    über +acc over)

    über ein Land/Volk gebíéten — to have dominion over a country/nation

    2)

    (geh: = verfügen) gebíéten (über Geld etc) — to have sth at one's disposal; über Wissen etc to have sth at one's command

    See:
    → auch geboten
    * * *
    ge·bie·ten *
    [gəˈbi:tn̩]
    irreg (geh)
    I. vt
    ▪ [jdm] etw \gebieten to command [or order] [sb] to do sth
    Einhalt \gebieten to put an end to [or stop] sth
    ▪ etw \gebieten to demand sth
    der Anstand/die Situation gebietet es decency/the situation demands it
    es ist Vorsicht geboten care must be taken
    II. vi
    ▪ über jdn/etw \gebieten to have control over sb/sth liter, to have dominion over sb/sth
    ▪ über etw akk \gebieten to have sth at one's disposal
    über Geldmittel \gebieten to have financial resources at one's disposal
    über Wissen \gebieten to have knowledge at one's command
    * * *
    1.
    (geh.) unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) command; order

    jemandem gebieten, etwas zu tun — command or order somebody to do something

    eine Respekt gebietende Persönlichkeit — a figure who commands/commanded respect

    2) (erfordern) demand; bid; s. auch Einhalt
    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1)

    über etwas (Akk.) gebieten — command something; have command over something

    über ein Land gebieten — hold sway over a country

    * * *
    gebieten; gebietet, gebot, hat geboten; geh
    A. v/t
    1. (erfordern) require, call for; (Achtung, Ehrfurcht) command;
    die Vernunft gebietet (uns) zu (+inf) reason demands (of us) that we …
    2.
    jemandem gebieten, etwas zu tun order ( anweisen: instruct) sb to do sth;
    er gebot ihnen Einhalt/Schweigen he ordered them to stop/to be quiet
    B. v/i:
    gebieten über (+akk) (etwas) control; (auch jemanden) hold sway over; (herrschen über) rule (over), govern; (verfügen über) have at one’s disposal ( oder command); → geboten
    * * *
    1.
    (geh.) unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) command; order

    jemandem gebieten, etwas zu tun — command or order somebody to do something

    eine Respekt gebietende Persönlichkeit — a figure who commands/commanded respect

    2) (erfordern) demand; bid; s. auch Einhalt
    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1)

    über etwas (Akk.) gebieten — command something; have command over something

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gebieten

  • 19 meet

    mi:t
    1. past tense, past participle - met; verb
    1) (to come face to face with (eg a person whom one knows), by chance: She met a man on the train.) encontrar, encontrarse con
    2) ((sometimes, especially American, with with) to come together with (a person etc), by arrangement: The committee meets every Monday.) enocontar, reunirse con, citarse, quedar
    3) (to be introduced to (someone) for the first time: Come and meet my wife.) conocer
    4) (to join: Where do the two roads meet?) unirse
    5) (to be equal to or satisfy (eg a person's needs, requirements etc): Will there be sufficient stocks to meet the public demand?) satisfacer
    6) (to come into the view, experience or presence of: A terrible sight met him / his eyes when he opened the door.) encontrar
    7) (to come to or be faced with: He met his death in a car accident.) encontrar
    8) ((with with) to experience or suffer; to receive a particular response: She met with an accident; The scheme met with their approval.) sufrir; recibir
    9) (to answer or oppose: We will meet force with greater force.) responder (a)

    2. noun
    (a gathering, especially of sportsmen: The local huntsmen are holding a meet this week.) encuentro
    - meet someone halfway
    - meet halfway
    meet vb
    1. encontrarse con
    2. conocer
    3. reunirse / verse
    4. quedar
    tr[miːt]
    transitive verb (pt & pp met tr[met])
    1 (by chance) encontrar, encontrarse con; (in street) cruzar con, topar con
    ■ guess who I met today! ¡a que no sabes con quién he topado hoy!
    2 (by arrangement) encontrar, reunirse con, citarse, quedar con; (formally) entrevistarse con; (informally) ver
    ■ have you met my wife? ¿conoces a mi mujer?
    4 (collect) ir a buscar, pasar a buscar; (await arrival of) esperar; (receive) ir a recibir
    5 (face - danger, difficulty) encontrar; (- problem) hacer frente a
    6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (opponent) enfrentarse con
    7 (touch) tocar
    8 (fulfil - standards, demands, wishes) satisfacer; (- obligations, deadline) cumplir con; (- requirements) reunir, cumplir
    9 (bill, debt) pagar; (deficit) cubrir; (cost, expenses) hacerse cargo de
    1 (by chance) encontrarse
    2 (by arrangement) reunirse, verse, quedar, encontrarse; (formally) entrevistarse
    ■ where shall we meet? ¿dónde quedamos?, ¿dónde nos encontramos?
    3 (get acquainted) conocerse
    ■ where did you meet? ¿dónde os conocisteis?
    4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL enfrentarse
    5 (join) unirse; (touch) tocarse; (rivers) confluir; (roads) empalmar; (eyes) cruzarse
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL encuentro
    2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (hunting) partida de caza
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be more to something than meets the eye ser más complicado,-a de lo que parece
    to make ends meet familiar llegar a fin de mes
    to meet one's death encontrar la muerte, morir
    to meet somebody's eye mirar a alguien a la cara
    to meet somebody halfway llegar a un acuerdo con alguien
    meet ['mi:t] v, met ['mɛt] ; meeting vt
    1) encounter: encontrarse con
    2) join: unirse con
    3) confront: enfrentarse a
    4) satisfy: satisfacer, cumplir con
    to meet costs: pagar los gastos
    5) : conocer
    I met his sister: conocí a su hermana
    meet vi
    assemble: reunirse, congregarse
    meet n
    : encuentro m
    n.
    • concurso s.m.
    adj.
    • conveniente adj.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: met) = carear v.
    • confluir v.
    • conocer v.
    (§pres: conozco, conoces...)
    • empalmar v.
    • encontrar v.
    • encontrarse v.
    • enfrentar v.
    • juntar v.

    I
    1. miːt
    (past & past p met) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( encounter) encontrarse* con

    to meet somebody halfway o in the middle — llegar* a un arreglo con alguien

    b) ( welcome) recibir; ( collect on arrival) ir* a buscar

    he met me off the train — me fue a buscar or a esperar a la estación

    c) ( oppose) \<\<opponent/enemy\>\> enfrentarse a
    2) ( make acquaintance of) conocer*

    John, meet Mr Clark — (frml) John, le presento al señor Clark

    pleased to meet you — encantado de conocerlo, mucho gusto

    3)
    a) (come up against, experience) encontrar*, toparse con

    to be met BY/WITH something — encontrarse* con algo

    b) (counter, respond to)
    4) \<\<demands/wishes\>\> satisfacer*; \<\<deadline/quota\>\> cumplir con; \<\<debt\>\> satisfacer*, pagar*; \<\<obligation\>\> cumplir con; \<\<requirements\>\> reunir*, cumplir; \<\<cost\>\> hacerse* cargo de
    5)
    a) (come together with, join)

    she could not meet his eye o gaze — no se atrevía a mirarlo a la cara

    b) ( strike) dar* contra

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( encounter each other) encontrarse*

    where shall we meet? — ¿dónde nos encontramos?, ¿dónde quedamos? (esp Esp)

    b) ( hold meeting) \<\<club\>\> reunirse*; \<\<heads of state/ministers\>\> entrevistarse
    c) ( make acquaintance) conocerse*

    have you two already met? — ¿ya se conocen?, ¿ya los han presentado?

    d) ( as opponents) enfrentarse

    where the three roads meet — en el empalme or en la confluencia de las tres carreteras

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    a) (AmE Sport) encuentro m
    b) ( in hunting) partida f (de caza)

    I [miːt] (pt, pp met)
    1. VT
    1) (by arrangement) quedar con, verse con; (by chance) encontrarse con, tropezarse con

    I had arranged to meet her in town — había quedado con ella en el centro, había acordado en verla en el centro

    you'll never guess who I met on the bus today! — ¿a que no sabes con quién me encontré or me tropecé hoy en el autobús?

    we will be meeting the ambassador tomorrow to discuss the situation — mañana tendremos un encuentro or una reunión con el embajador para discutir la situación, mañana nos entrevistaremos or nos reuniremos con el embajador para discutir la situación

    2) (=go/come to get) ir/venir a buscar; (=welcome) recibir
    halfway 1., 1)
    3) (=get to know, be introduced to) conocer

    nice to have met you! — ¡encantado de conocerlo!

    pleased to meet you! — ¡mucho gusto!, ¡encantado de conocerlo!

    4) (=come together with)

    what a scene met my eyes! — ¡el escenario que se presentó ante mis ojos!

    eye 1., 1)
    5) (=come across) [+ problem] encontrarse con
    6) (=confront) [+ opponent] enfrentarse con; (in duel) batirse con; [+ problem] hacer frente a

    he met his death or his end in 1800 — halló or encontró la muerte en 1800

    to meet sth head-on — enfrentarse de lleno con algo, hacer frente or plantar cara directamente a algo

    match II, 1., 3)
    7) (=satisfy) [+ need] satisfacer, cubrir; [+ demand] atender a, satisfacer; [+ wish] satisfacer; [+ requirement] cumplir con; [+ debt] pagar; [+ expense, cost] correr con, hacer frente a; [+ obligation] atender a, cumplir con; [+ target, goal] alcanzar; [+ challenge] hacer frente a; [+ expectations] estar a la altura de

    he offered to meet the full cost of the repairs — se ofreció a correr con or hacer frente a todos los gastos de la reparación

    deadline
    2. VI
    1) (=encounter each other) (by arrangement) quedar, verse; (by chance) encontrarse; (=hold meeting) reunirse; [ambassador, politician] (with interested parties) entrevistarse, reunirse

    we could meet for a drink after work — podríamos vernos or quedar para tomar una copa después del trabajo

    what time shall we meet? — ¿a qué hora quieres que quedemos or nos veamos?

    until we meet again! — ¡hasta la vista!, ¡hasta pronto!

    2) (=convene) [Parliament, club, committee] reunirse
    3) (=get to know one another, be introduced) conocerse

    have we met? — ¿nos conocemos de antes?

    4) (=come together, join) [two ends] unirse; [rivers] confluir; [roads] empalmar
    end 1., 1), twain
    5) (=confront each other) [teams, armies] enfrentarse

    Bilbao and Valencia will meet in the final — el Bilbao se enfrentará con el Valencia en la final, Bilbao y Valencia se disputarán la final

    3.
    N (Hunting) cacería f ; (esp US) (Sport) encuentro m

    II
    [miːt]
    ADJ [liter] conveniente, apropiado

    it is meet that... — conviene que... + subjun

    * * *

    I
    1. [miːt]
    (past & past p met) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( encounter) encontrarse* con

    to meet somebody halfway o in the middle — llegar* a un arreglo con alguien

    b) ( welcome) recibir; ( collect on arrival) ir* a buscar

    he met me off the train — me fue a buscar or a esperar a la estación

    c) ( oppose) \<\<opponent/enemy\>\> enfrentarse a
    2) ( make acquaintance of) conocer*

    John, meet Mr Clark — (frml) John, le presento al señor Clark

    pleased to meet you — encantado de conocerlo, mucho gusto

    3)
    a) (come up against, experience) encontrar*, toparse con

    to be met BY/WITH something — encontrarse* con algo

    b) (counter, respond to)
    4) \<\<demands/wishes\>\> satisfacer*; \<\<deadline/quota\>\> cumplir con; \<\<debt\>\> satisfacer*, pagar*; \<\<obligation\>\> cumplir con; \<\<requirements\>\> reunir*, cumplir; \<\<cost\>\> hacerse* cargo de
    5)
    a) (come together with, join)

    she could not meet his eye o gaze — no se atrevía a mirarlo a la cara

    b) ( strike) dar* contra

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( encounter each other) encontrarse*

    where shall we meet? — ¿dónde nos encontramos?, ¿dónde quedamos? (esp Esp)

    b) ( hold meeting) \<\<club\>\> reunirse*; \<\<heads of state/ministers\>\> entrevistarse
    c) ( make acquaintance) conocerse*

    have you two already met? — ¿ya se conocen?, ¿ya los han presentado?

    d) ( as opponents) enfrentarse

    where the three roads meet — en el empalme or en la confluencia de las tres carreteras

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    a) (AmE Sport) encuentro m
    b) ( in hunting) partida f (de caza)

    English-spanish dictionary > meet

  • 20 cortés

    m.
    Cortes, Hernando Cortez.
    * * *
    1 courteous, polite
    \
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente familiar you can be polite but brave at the same time
    * * *
    adj.
    courteous, polite
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=atento) courteous, polite
    2)
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.
    Ex. Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.
    Ex. Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex. However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex. Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex. It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex. His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex. One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex. The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex. Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex. This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    ----
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.

    Ex: Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.

    Ex: Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex: However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex: It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex: His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex: One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex: The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex: Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex: This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex: The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.

    * * *
    polite, courteous
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente: ¿aún la saludas después de lo que te hizo? — sí, lo cortés no quita lo valiente you still say hello to her after what she did to you? — yes, politeness doesn't have to be a sign of weakness o you don't lose anything by being polite
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cortar: ( conjugate cortar)

    cortes es:

    2ª persona singular (tú) presente subjuntivo

    Multiple Entries:
    cortar    
    cortes    
    cortés
    cortar ( conjugate cortar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( dividir) ‹cuerda/pastel› to cut, chop;
    ‹ asado› to carve;
    ‹leña/madera› to chop;
    ‹ baraja› to cut;
    ◊ cortés algo por la mitad to cut sth in half o in two;

    cortés algo en rodajas/en cuadritos to slice/dice sth;
    cortés algo en trozos to cut sth into pieces
    2 (quitar, separar) ‹rama/punta/pierna› to cut off;
    ‹ árbol› to cut down, chop down;
    ‹ flores› (CS) to pick;

    3 ( hacer más corto) ‹pelo/uñas› to cut;
    ‹césped/pasto› to mow;
    ‹ seto› to cut;
    ‹ rosal› to cut back;
    ‹ texto› to cut down
    4 ( en costura) ‹falda/vestido› to cut out
    5 ( interrumpir)
    a) ‹agua/gas/luz/teléfono› to cut off;

    ‹película/programa› to interrupt
    b) ‹ calle› [policía/obreros] to close, block off;

    [ manifestantes] to block;

    6 (censurar, editar) ‹ película› to cut;
    ‹escena/diálogo› to cut (out)
    7 [ frío]:
    ◊ el frío me cortó los labios my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [cuchillo/tijeras] to cut
    2
    a) (Cin):

    ◊ ¡corten! cut!




    cortarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( interrumpirse) [proyección/película] to stop;
    [llamada/gas] to get cut off;

    se me cortó la respiración I could hardly breathe
    2

    ‹brazo/cara› to cut;

    b) ( refl) ‹uñas/pelo› to cut;


    c) ( caus) ‹ pelo› to have … cut;


    d) [piel/labios] to crack, become chapped

    3 ( cruzarse) [líneas/calles] to cross
    4 [ leche] to curdle;
    [mayonesa/salsa] to separate
    5 (Chi, Esp) [ persona] (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    cortés adjetivo
    polite, courteous
    cortar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to cut
    (un árbol) to cut down
    (el césped) to mow
    2 (amputar) to cut off
    3 (la luz, el teléfono) to cut off
    4 (impedir el paso) to block
    5 (eliminar, censurar) to cut out
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (partir) to cut
    2 (atajar) to cut across, to take a short cut
    3 familiar (interrumpir una relación) to split up: cortó con su novia, he split up with his girlfriend
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cortar por lo sano, to put an end to
    cortés adjetivo courteous, polite
    ' cortés' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - cumplida
    - cumplido
    - disolución
    - educada
    - educado
    - gentil
    - atento
    - cortar
    - galantería
    - presidir
    English:
    attentive
    - chivalrous
    - civil
    - courteous
    - gallant
    - graceful
    - gracious
    - urbane
    - cut
    - debonair
    - polite
    * * *
    cortés adj
    polite, courteous;
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente there's no harm in being polite
    * * *
    adj courteous
    * * *
    cortés adj
    : courteous, polite
    ♦ cortésmente adv
    * * *
    Cortes npl Spanish Parliament

    Spanish-English dictionary > cortés

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